The Modern Corporations Must Be Characterized As A Nexus...

The modern corporations can be characterized as a nexus of contracts (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). Among all the contracts in the firm, the agency contract entered, when a firm hired a chief executive officer (CEO), is of the most importance as CEO is the agent who acts on behalf of the shareholders to manage the firm. This contract tends to align the interest of shareholders and managers by basing managerial compensation on performance. Although the firm try to fulfil every aspect of terms in the employment agreements to guide the appropriate actions of managers, these contracts are incomplete as it is either impossible or prohibitively costly to fully observe manager actions. The imperfect characteristic of contract thus creates opportunities for the agent to â€Å"game the system† (Prendergast 1999). Groen-Xu (2013) indicates that the role of contract is precisely a formalization of the evaluation period, especially the final year of contract, where more weights are put on evaluating the performance. Thus, managers have strong incentives to engage in strategic behavior to influence the evaluation process during the contract expiration, when their performance is being assessed and their contracts are being renegotiated. The better performance result can impress and influence board of directors and shareholders, thus help CEO with their tenure renew and get improved contract terms in the new employment agreement. However, little is known about how CEOs respond to impendingShow MoreRelatedCorporate Governance And Employer Employee Relationship3217 Words   |  13 Pagesfirm. The modern firm has been characterized by the movement of international, financial markets into the structure of industry of the 20th century and a transformation of the importance of human capital. Introduction: The objective of the firm is to produce the collective action needed to increase shareholders’ profits. To earn a profit in the long run, naturally, the needs of a broad range of stakeholders, including lenders, employees, customers, suppliers and community, must be met, butRead MoreDeterminants Of Ceo Compensation : The Case Of Vietnamese Listed Enterprises9564 Words   |  39 Pagescompensation research (Mirrless, 1976; Jensen Meckling, 1976; Holmstrom, 1979; Tosi Gomez-Mejia, 1994). This theory suggests that managerial compensation should be directly tied to firm performance in order to motivate a firm’s managers to act in the best of interests of the firm’s shareholders (Gomez-Mejia and Wiseman, 1997), and also to solve or at least mitigate the conflict of interests between owners and managers (Tosi Gomez-Mejia, 1994; Jensen Meckling; 1976). However, there is still haveRead MoreThe Effects of Ownership Structure, Board Effectiveness and Managerial Discr etion on Performance of Listed Companies in Kenya27922 Words   |  112 Pages Significance of the Study 14 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.1. Theories of Corporate Governance 17 2.2. Agency Theory as an Analytical Framework 22 2.3. Traditional Approach to Corporate Governance 28 2.4. Modern Perspective on Corporate Governance 29 2.5. Corporate Performance 31 2.6. Ownership Structure and Corporate Performance 36 2.7. Board Effectiveness and Corporate Performance 42 2.8. Managerial Discretion and CorporateRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesagreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, PondicherryRead MoreStrategic Management and Information Systems19841 Words   |  80 Pagescustomers better. 3.1 ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS nformation systems and organizations influence one another. Information systems are built by managers to serve the interests of the business firm. At the same time, the organization must be aware of and open to the influences of information systems to benefit from new technologies. The interaction between information technology and organizations is complex and is influenced by many mediating factors, including the organization’s structure

Who Is The And Christian Fellowship - 1191 Words

Age range 60 to 80 This bible study group are familiar with bible stories passed on to them from childhood by their parents and schools. They are not committed bible readers. The purpose of the group is for friendship and Christian fellowship. They are also familiar with the story of David that has been passed on to them from childhood and not from the actual biblical text. They recognise David as a hero and a repentant sinner who is loved by God, they are also familiar with the Psalms and are aware that some of the Psalms were written by David. They are also aware of Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Son of David. Actual Biblical Story The oldest story about David is found in I Samuel 16 which continues through the whole of II†¦show more content†¦God then tells Samuel that he had rejected Eliab because He judges by the heart and not outward appearances. He rejected Jesse’s first six sons. Samuel is then told about David who is tending the flock. David is immediately sent for and God speaks decisively ‘This is the one’ and David is secretly anointed. Interestingly, his good looks and attractiveness are mentioned. The second introduction to David is the news that Saul is being tormented by an evil spirit from God (1 Samuel 16:14-23). At this time, there was not much awareness and understanding of mental illness so the illness is ascribed to God. Saul might have been suffering from depression and psychosis. Saul’s servant mentions music, and David is recommended and enters Saul’s employment. His good looks and attractiveness are also mentioned. The third story of David’s introduction is the most famous (1 Samuel 17). The Israelites are being challenged to a single combat by Goliath. The troops are terrified, a reward is offered (that includes the King’s daughter) for whoever kills Goliath. David arrives with food supplies and is introduced again as if for the first time. David’s first words spoken as he listens to Goliath’s threat was ‘what will be done for the man who strikes down the philistine?’ (1 Samuel 17:26). He then adds a noble comment about the insult to God, although his main motivation is obvious because he spends the next verses checking the details

Developing Professional and Employability Skills Skills for Business

Question: Discuss about the Developing Professional and Employability Skills for Skills in Business. Answer: Introduction Representatives of industry and businesses have expressed their continual dissatisfaction for the available skill set that is available with the employee that are lacking basic employability skills(Aubrey and Cohen, n.d.).The research conducted by the Secretarys Commission brings to light,facts such as half of our young generation leave school without the proper knowledge of employability skills that makes it an issue for them to land on and hold onto a good job.It has been widely argued that the dissatisfaction of the typical employer is due to the lack of proper technical skills but a review indicated that employers normally do not have much problem regarding technical skills but it is the non-technical skills that play a big factor here.Employability skills can be simply stated as the specific attributes of an employee rather than his technical know -how that makes him important to his employer.Employability skills mainly consist of reading,problem solving,decision making and also other basic skills (Panth, 2014). This report basically aims at identifying and also listing the various employability skills and ways of developing them. Methodology The methodology is very important for the development of the professional and employability skills. It is a lot on the employer that the company shall excel in the future or not. The employees are the pillars of the company, as a pillar holds the home strong, the employees hold the name of the company strong. The selection of the wrong type of employees can denude the reputation of the company and the correct employee chain can really ascertain a rise in profit for the company (Evers, Rush and Berdrow, 1998). Thus it is evident the employer must be very cautious on selection. This research shall excavate the means and measures to achieve the first rate employment strategy. The following methods can be used to enumerate the situation in detail: Descriptive process: this is the first part of the methodology practice. This is the part where the situation is described in detail. All the constraints of a good and a bad employment. This is an important part of the methodology that shall describe the situation on the basis of which the lateral parts of the same shall be enumerated (Miller, Biggart and Newton, 2013). Correlation process: this is the second part of the whole. This will establish the relation between a good employment and profit and vice versa. While delving deep with the standards of this part, the person will be able to understand the need of a good employment and the need of developing the professional skills and employability measures. This is a modern day analysis procedure to attain the goal point. Quantitative process: after the basic understanding this is the part of the quantitative process. This is a step by step analysis of the whole situation and then there is an inference. The important components of the procedure are: Make your observations about the issue and then investigate current theory surrounding the predicament or issue. Hypothesize a clarification for the observations. Make a prediction of outcomes based on your hypotheses. Formulate a plan to test your prediction. Collect and process your data. Analyse the collected data for the well-being of the research and the organization. Get a complete and detailed picture of the situation. Verify your findings. Make your final conclusions. Present your findings in an appropriate form for your audience. Have a free flowing reasoning in the application. Qualitative approach: this is the most modern form. Here the quality of a person is described. The most common procedures of this final part are judging the real authenticity and quality of a particle. The qualitative approach in methodology shall help the reader to understand what the precise effects of wrong employment are. The same shall also discuss the probable ways to achieve that milestone where every employment shall be good and very recruitment shall be fruitful. The qualitative approach shall finally edict the need of the development of professional and the employability skills. This is basically the conclusion of this chapter. Literature review Denicolo and Reeves at their famous speech once had commented that the correct employment is indulged in profit. The correct employment boosts and nurtures the profit of the company. This had been already enumerated that the wrong employment can earn disaster for the company. This book cites a lot of examples. The examples can give a good teaching. There are several diagrams and techniques in the form of charts which concoct the modern annotation of the same. The (Allan, 2009) book says that modern world is much dependant on the employment strategies. The book rightly says that the employment strategy must be dependent on the area of action and the locality. The employment is a vital question. The company officials must be very sincere of the same. They must know the right condition to judge a person in front of him. Only then the company can run well. Many researchers in articles like (Pitan, 2016) had envisaged a modern strategy which is dependent on the marketing strategies. The employment skills must be developed to understand what is running on the back of the mind. The employer can be able to judge a person and only then the right process is attained. Another book mentioning special interest like (Maclean et al. 2013) states clearly that in the modern world if there are no strategies then there would be no remedy. The company can crash or succeed on them. Thus there are the books which have helped a lot to understand the same. Findings (Primary) There are various ways to develop aforesaid skills Extra-curricular activities-These are great ways to learn many important skills such as teamwork .Writing for the school magazine will also help develop writing skills. Home life-It can teach us organization and planning if u run a family while studying. 3.Course-One can learn most employability skills through the current undergoing course .Analytical skills which can be developed from arguing with complex material, drawing conclusions from experiments .Written communication skills can be developed by completing assignments (Allan, 2009). Verbal skills are best learned by attending seminars. Managing the various course loads teachesus the art of planning and organization. Information technology is yet another aspect that can be covered here (Anon, 2016). 4.Work shadowing-It basically means investigating people about their work. This can prove very useful in the long run. 5.Part time job-It is a very important step in developing employability skills.A part-time job can teach us a lot of things such as handling money, dealing with customers, organization, and planning, working under pressure. The ways to develop the specific skills are- 1.Writing skills-This can be developed by writing for projects, assignments, even writing for the newspaper, public materials etc. speaking skills-Joining the drama group, speaking publicly, seminar all these can help develop speaking skills. 3.Adaptability-Adaptability can be developed in various ways such as going somewhere alone, working part time etc. 4.Co-operative skills-This can be developed by taking up group assignments, team sports, group projects and any other act which requires a group (Andrews and Russell, 2012). Analysing skills- These skills can be a little hard to develop. It can be done by analysing experiments for data, working voluntarily for a publisher (Kent.ac.uk, 2016). 6.Initiative-Running a new society, making new websites, start-ups these are the various ways of developing this skill. 7.Planning and organizing skill-This is probably one of the most important skills which can be developed. Course project management, organizing events for sports or charity are some of the ways of developing the skill. 8.Leadership skill-Another important skill this can be developed by leading a project, being the president of a society, school representatives etc. are some of the ways to work on them (Belfort, 2009). 9.Negotiating and persuading skills-This are very useful skills for the market place. This is best learned by taking an active part in a debate. Arguing for one's case in a seminar is yet another way. 10.Decision-making skills-Another important skill which plays a vital role here. This can be developed by representing ones school or targeting customers in a sales job etc. An intensive research has been carried out in lieu of this project, aiming to answer some basic questions regarding employability skills.This questions clarify the basic information that one seeks regarding employability skills. (Secondary) Do employers value these employability skills above the required professional skills? Through extensive research, it has been found that employers, in general, do consider these employability skills strongly. This holds true irrespective of the nature of work of the company. The research suggests that employee attitude is given the highest importance by employers (Varlejs and Walton, 2009). The employers they stress on basic skills over the job specific ones and the employers also consider it important for employees to understand the work atmosphere. Does failure to equip people with the required skills have serious consequences? The lack of employability skills has shown to have far reaching consequences. Because without the requisite skills, it becomes challenging for the individual to hold on to the job. Are employability skills learned during the on-going process of classroom education? No, employability skills are best taught explicitly which stands in opposition to the generic belief that the students will learn them during the course. However, that is definitely not the case. And, these skills should be taught explicitly. Conclusion This project has identified the various skills that are required to be employable. It also nurtures the various professional and employability skills that are required to be developed. We see that these skills are very important even over the specific occupational requirements because, these are the skills which can help distinguish an employee, for one bestowed with these is far more suited to take up more challenging roles (Smale and Fowlie, 2015). These are very basic skills but should be developed at the onset and with utmost care because they are instrumental in shaping us. The proper balance of these will also open new avenues for one to explore. These skills need to be taught explicitly contrary to popular belief. Programmes need to be established which can help one hone these skills for a better future. References Allan, B. (2009). Study skills for business and management students. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press. Andrews, G. and Russell, M. (2012). Employability skills development: strategy, evaluation and impact. HE, Skills Work-Based Lrng, 2(1), pp.33-44. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://educationnorthwest.org/sites/default/files/DevelopingEmployabilitySkills.pdf [Accessed 2016]. Aubrey, R. and Cohen, P. (n.d.). Working Wisdom: Timeless Skills and Vanguard Strategies for LearningOrganizations. Belfort, J. (2009). Catching the Wolf of Wall Street. New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books. Evers, F., Rush, J. and Berdrow, I. (1998). The bases of competence. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Kent.ac.uk. (2016). How to develop employability skills. [online] Available at: https://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/sk/skillsdevelop.htm [Accessed 2016]. Miller, L., Biggart, A. and Newton, B. (2013). Basic and employability skills. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.173-175. Panth, B. (2014). Skills development for employability and inclusive growth: Policy dilemmas and priorities in South Asia. PROSPECTS, 44(2), pp.167-182. Pitan, O. (2016). Employability development opportunities (EDOs) as measures of students enhanced employability. HE, Skills Work-Based Lrng, 6(3), pp.288-304. Varlejs, J. and Walton, G. (2009). Continuing Prosessional Development-Preparing for New Roles in Libraries. MuÃÅ'ˆnich: K.G. Saur MuÃÅ'ˆnchen.

MotherS Love Essays - Two Kinds, Girl, The Joy Luck Club

Mother'S Love Children and Families A mother's love for her children is supposed to be something that never dies. The problem is, this ?love? can be expressed in many ways. Sometimes, the love is shown in such a way that there is no doubt that this woman would do anything for her offspring. Sometime, this love can be viewed, as a way that that the mother is trying to mold her daughter into what she believes is the ?right? way to behave. Other times, the mother is trying her best to make sure that her child is doing HER best. These three types of ?love? are expressed in the three short stories ?Girl,? ?Gravity,? and ?Two Kinds.? The mother in ?Girl? is portrayed as an overbearing monster. For some unknown reason, she has given her daughter many guidelines by which she has to live by. The reason may be that the mother was a rebel in her childhood. It could be that the mother has a vision of what her daughter is to be like. The reason is unknown. But what is known is that this mother won't take anything less than what she thinks a lady should be like. To the knowledge of the reader, the child has done nothing wrong to have to receive this reprimanding. The most demeaning section of the tirade is when the mother says ` so to prevent you from becoming the slut you are so bent on becoming.'? (Kincaid 13) This mother, for whatever reason it may be, has the idea that her daughter, who she is SUPPOSED to love with all her heart, has her young mind set on becoming a slut. Every time the daughter tried to throw in a comment, it goes all for naught. The mother does not even respond to the comment that her child says. The problem is this story might have been resolved; it might have not been resolved. No one will know. But, the odds are that if the mother will act like this now, there are no signs of her changing anytime in the near future. The daughter in this story has to live with the reality that her mother has a mindset of what a woman is. Unfortunately, it appears to be virtually impossible to fill the mold that her mother has for her. In ?Gravity,? the mother has been put into an awful situation. Her son, who seems to be about 30 years old, has the AIDS virus. He has grown weak and feeble. He basically relies on his mother for all his needs. This mother is portrayed as a mother that will (and unfortunately has to) do anything for her son. Even when he was a little child who could not see, his mother lent him her glasses so he could see ?Fiddler on the Roof.? She did this with full knowledge that she would be forced to squint for the entire showing. The mother herself has her own sicknesses, which she has to deal with. But, even still, she puts her son's well - being before hers? just like she has when he was a little child who couldn't see. The mother not only does things to help her son physically, she does things to help him emotionally. When she and her son are in a shop purchasing a gift bowl, she tossed the $500 glass bowl to her feeble son. To the surprise of her son and everyone else in the store, he held on. Theo, the son, was overwhelmed with joy that he didn't see a pile of glass in front of his feet. As good as a mother as she is, she does have some flaws. First, she somewhat gives the impression that she has been annoyed with the situation. She also feels that people are always looking down on them. Eventually, it is assumed that the son will pass away. To this day, no cure for AIDS has been found. No matter what, Theo, has always known, and always will know, that his mother would have moved the world to see him with a smile on his face. After all, she had been doing whatever it took to make him happy

For Whom The Bell Tolls - purpose essays

For Whom The Bell Tolls - purpose essays For centuries upon centuries, the essence of war has shaped and evolved the world that we live in today. There are very few positive characteristics that come out of engaging in war because of how widely detrimental to the world it can be. In the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Hemingway takes a relatively small war in the history of wars (Spanish Civil War), and emphasizes some of the detrimental affects war has on human nature. This novel reiterates how war changes the value of human life, how innocence is lost and how romantic love is affected. Hemingway's detached, journalistic style helps focus on the characters senses, like smell, touch, or hearing, although some of this description is restricted to Robert Jordan's perspective. Yet this style of writing also invites a more tangible way of emphasizing those different aspects of human nature that are affected through war. Thus, the purpose that lies behind this novel is to demonstrate war's effect on human nature, which is achieved through illustrating the psychology of the characters, beneath the surface of their The value of human life, as it exists in For Whom the Bell Tolls, varies by character. A recurring point that appears throughout the novel suggests how one comes to value life can determine their loss of innocence. Equally, Hemingway frequently revisits the morality of each character contains regarding their own life and taking the life of others. The two moral stances taken are illustrated through Pablo and his guerilla followers, and Anselmo. Pablo is a character whom has killed many people, thus takes life as he deems necessary to fulfill his objective in sustaining the fascists. Then, there is the other side presented through Anselmo, whom doesn't take pleasure in killing others, yet will take life if necessary to secure his own. Robert Jordan falls somewhere in between these two ...

Free Online Microeconomics Textbook

Free Online Microeconomics Textbook About.coms Online Microeconomics Textbook is a set of links to resources on various Microeconomics topics. As with most online microeconomics resources this is very much a work in progress, so if there is something youd like to see covered in more depth please contact me by using the feedback form. Each Microeconomics textbook covers the core material in a different order. The order here is adapted from Parkin and Bades text Economics but it should be fairly close to those in other Microeconomics texts. Online Microeconomics Textbook CHAPTER 1: What is Economics? CHAPTER 2: Production and Trade- Production Possibility Frontier- Gains From Trade and International Trade CHAPTER 3: Economic Growth CHAPTER 4: Opportunity Cost CHAPTER 5: Demand and Supply- Demand- Supply CHAPTER 6: Elasticity- Elasticity of Demand- Elasticity of Supply CHAPTER 7: Markets- Labor Markets and Minimum Wage- Taxes- Markets for Prohibited Goods CHAPTER 8: Utility CHAPTER 9: Indifference Curves CHAPTER 10: Budget Lines CHAPTER 11: Costs, Scale, and Timing- Short Run vs. Long Run- Total, Average, and Marginal Costs- Economies of Scale CHAPTER 12: Market Structure CHAPTER 13: Perfect Competition CHAPTER 14: Monopoly CHAPTER 15: Monopolistic Competition CHAPTER 16: Oligopoly and Duopoly CHAPTER 17: Factors of Production- Demand and Supply For Factors- Labor- Capital- Land CHAPTER 18: Labor Markets CHAPTER 19: Capital and Natural Resource Markets- Capital- Interest Rates- Natural Resource Markets CHAPTER 20: Uncertainty and Information- Uncertainty- Insurance- Information- Risk CHAPTER 21: Distribution of Income and Wealth CHAPTER 22: Market Failure- Government Spending- Public Goods- Externalities- Collective Action Problems If there are other topics youd like to see covered in the Online Microeconomics Textbook please contact me by using the feedback form.

Eng 125 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eng 125 - Term Paper Example However, readers often fail to understand the experience of the literature and find it difficult to grasp the concept, for this they need to know the approaches and forms of literature that they are going through. Connecting what is being read to what is being experienced can be challenging and this is what the text explains us. It is more interesting because it gives the understanding and knowledge of the different forms of literature that most of the readers do not understand while going through the literature. It is evident that fewer people have interests in poems and plays as they are the ones who understand the framework, for others, this text is very interesting as it tells about the forms to help them understand the literary work that they read. The introduction about the genre, imagination, experience and the humor gives an interesting aspect to the reader of this text (Massi, ?2001). As outlined in this chapter, the approach of the reader should be present in order to exper ience the literary work. There are several ways to approach the literary criticism. Literary criticism means analyzing, understanding and interpreting what is being expressed. A reader is the critic and he can analyze the literary work only when he understands and experiences the work. In order to interpret and examine a story, poem or play the approach that the reader will use is the reader-response approach. In order to get into the journey of literature which means the reader has to connect to what is being said, analyze it by considerations and draw conclusions by the help of his response. The reader has to find a personal link to the literature especially the poetry or play. The reader-response approach is the most popularly used approach in literature (Trace, 2002). The story, poem or play is often fictional and uses themes which relate to the author’s viewpoint and so readers often find it difficult to understand or experience. The journey to literature is connecting t he imagination of the author to one’s own imagination. Since the reading of a story, poem, or play drags the reader to an imaginary world, leaving behind the situations of the world in which the reader is breathing and living to an imaginary world created by the author. In order to apply the reader-response approach for such literary works, it is important for the reader to connect and relate the literature to their real lives and their own imaginations so that they can find a specific aspect of the work. In order to create an analytical essay about the story, poem or play, the reader must make sure he is vigilant towards the questions that what captured his interest, what feelings did he get, did it connect to his life, how does it relate to other works, what is the motivation to connect to this literary work and did this connection enhance understanding of new things. This approach may be challenging as the story, poems and plays are written in the author’s viewpoint . The reader must give away his surrounding world while experiencing the literature in order to analyze and connect to it. Moreover, to experience these forms of literature, the reader must have the intention to turn himself to the imaginary world which is described. A critical response to the stories, poems and plays of fiction need full concentration. Connecting and experiencing the

Business Strategies for Healthcare Institutions Essay - 191

Business Strategies for Healthcare Institutions - Essay Example The employed strategies should subsequently take into account key stakeholders in the institution, organizational efficiency, and financial sustainability in the healthcare environment (Ginter, Duncan, & Swayne, 2013). Aligning healthcare reform with organizational operations is a key strategy. In essence, the idea is to make sure that the resultant reforms promote the relevance of the hospital. To do this, the director and all other key parties could undertake care transitions, where hospital operations are redefined or redesigned to accommodate key benefits realized from healthcare reform. It is important for hospital management to create healthcare value through payor relationships and revenue models. In other words, hospitals could create value and promote patient welfare through bundled payments, offering low-cost incentives, and enhancing the quality of care (Pynes & Lombardi, 2011). While the objective is to improve the performance of finance, human resource, and patient care departments, it is critical to account for all stakeholders influential to the institution. On the same note, it is important to note that the priority focuses on patient care, over and above striving to improve the long-term welfare of the healthcare institution. Efficiency, sustainability, and strong relationships in the healthcare environment translate to affordable care, increased access to services, and community engagement in hospital operations (Olden, 2011). Both internal and external hospital environments play an influential role in healthcare matters. When the community becomes engaged, the hospital builds an environment of loyalty and trust. Subsequently, the community becomes an ambassador of the hospital in selling its operations and performance.

Suffering from depression Essay Example for Free

Suffering from depression Essay In one of the first workshops we initially produced a brainstorm of ideas as to why people may be institutionalised. Below I have listed a selection of illnesses which were brainstormed.  Medication non-compliance: Not following treatment and/or not taking medications as prescribed.  Cognitive impairment: Defined as unusually poor mental function, associated with confusion, forgetfulness and difficulty  Depression: A psychiatric disorder showing symptoms such as persistent feelings of hopelessness, dejection, poor concentration, lack of energy, inability to sleep, and, sometimes, suicidal tendencies Incontinence: Often used to refer to a lacking in moderation or self-control, especially related to sexual desire.   Everyone worked in pairs where one of us had been put into the institution by the other. Holly and I worked together, we decided I would be the character in the institution and I was then hot-seated. I decided I was a thirty-five year old woman who had been left by her husband and as a result of this, tragically suffering from depression. As a pose to helping me herself, Holly carelessly decided it was best to leave me in an institution, not knowing this sudden change in surroundings, faces and routine would in fact provoke my illness, leaving me worse than before. When brainstorming ideas as to why people may be institutionalised, depression seemed an obvious and popular idea. This influenced my reasons for rendering my character depressed. After we were hot-seated our teacher asked us questions about the characters we had created, I found the hot-seating helped tremendously when trying to understand and form my character, thus making it easier to answer questions about her. As I was able to understand my character through the hot-seating, I found I was able to form a deeper connection with her; I believed this would significantly help my portrayal when acting her character. We then created a duologue. This helped me further develop my character as it allowed me to see how she reacted when left face-to-face with Holly, through improvisation. It was clear from our characters opposing behavior towards one another that our relationship had been damaged due to the institution. Not only had my condition worsened but Hollys cold nature penetrated the already bad atmosphere between us making everything more awkward.Holly visits the institution to see if my condition has improved. This is the first time in two years she has visited and my hostile behavior towards her shows I am affected by her lack of visits. When she enters my room I am sitting in the corner, dribbling, rocking and the lights are off; she is horrified my depression has worsened and tries to leave immediately. Quickly I get up and run to the door, barricading it. I ask her why she put me here and left me for two years, followed by my monologue. In reply to this Holly performs her monologue explaining my depression was affecting her and everyone around me. Furiously, Holly pushes me aside and runs out of door, I am left crying on the floor in a ball, screaming and shouting why did you do this to me, scene cuts here. FINAL PERFORMANCE I found the final performance ran successfully, Holly and I remembered our lines and our stage directions; this, I thought, played a big part in the overall success of our performance. I believe my character came across well to the audience as the general feedback was positive- this showed the audience was able to identify with and understand my characters feelings and difficulties. Although the majority of the performance went well I, however, believe there is always room for improvement. Holly and I could have incorporated a flash back at the beginning of the scene, showing the audience the day I was put into the institution. I think this may have furthered the audiences understanding of my character and make the fact my condition had not improved clearer. This would not have only benefited the audience, but myself. By developing the scene in this way, I would have been able to also develop my character further on a whole, learning more about her.

Is Government Dominated By Business :: essays research papers fc

Is Government Dominated by Business   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Special interest groups have dominated government since the advent of America's political system. Special interest groups or lobbies are collections of individuals who join together to pursue common interests and to influence the decisions on public policies. Many people view special interest groups as an integral part of the political process, legitimized by the first amendment of the Constitution. In that way, special interest groups are good. The point that disgusts many people is that more often then not money overpowers the right decision; that is why Big Business is a problem. The richer the companies and organizations, the better chance they have to persuade the government officials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States alone there are thousands of special interest groups working for their own cause. Some of the causes they are working for are: business, banking, labor, environment, women, seniors, the economy, and farming just to name a few. Some groups or businesses which partake in lobbying are: N.O.W., Green Peace, AFL-CIO, Teamsters, Sierra Club, N.R.A., Tobacco industry and the ACLU. These groups often work at the national, state, and local levels attempting to influence government policy. Many groups have permanent offices in Washington DC. The primary goals of these groups are the passing, blocking, or amending legislation to achieve a favorable ruling for their own benefit. In Washington the groups primary targets are the House and Senate sub-committees which are the key places where legislation is considered. The groups often speak in front of Committee hearings to put their views on the record.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most well known special interest group is the National Rifle Association. This group has done tireless work in Washington trying to stop Gun Control bills from passing in Congress. The worst blow that happened to the NRA was the passing of the Brady Bill and the Assault Rifle Ban. The NRA believes this is an infringement on the constitutional rights of all Americans. Recently after a huge lobby in Washington, the NRA forced the Senate to have another vote on the Assault Rifle ban. The way the NRA forces the senate is as followed: the NRA gets together with some senators that they know want to repeal the ban. The NRA gives money to the senators for their campaigns, etc. The senators then persuade other senators and the NRA has them on their side as well. When the NRA captures enough senators, it forces Congress to bring it to the floor and debate about the issue. In this case, the NRA failed. However, the NRA will continue to support the senators that are a help to the cause and

Chapter notes

A person is in a poor position to say there was an invasion of privacy when personal information is oluntarily placed in public view. 1. In privacy discussions, a frequent question is whether a reasonable person would expect information to be confidential, expectation of privacy. † stated as â€Å"a reasonable 2. For more than 20 years, â€Å"data mining† has been growing and media/Kroger cards have only increased this. a. The goal of a marketing strategist is to place an effective social message in front of the most likely group of â€Å"customers† at possible expense. b.Social media is essential to this end. the least C. Pushback stemming from privacy concerns comes in the form of people not nowing they have given consent or objecting when they discover that information about them they thought was private is, in fact, public. In other words, under the circumstances, they were under the impression they had a reasonable expectation of privacy. EXAMPLE: Suppose Bo b has hemorrhoids, a severe case † and frequently Googles â€Å"hemorrhoid relief† and other, similar terms. Bob may be surprised when he gets an e-mail with a coupon for Preparation H.He might be aghast to discover he has actually put what he has put what he considered to be personal, medical information n the Internet for a marketing company to harvest. And it could go on from there. Suppose Bob applies for a Job as an airline pilot and a background check reveals his medical condition. It's not debilitating, but another applicant who doesn't have hemorrhoids gets the Job. Bob would never know he was discriminated against searches he had initiated. Worse, suppose Bob does not have hemorrhoids, but is a medical student writing a paper?Suppose he's shopping for health insurance and is denied coverage or pays an excessive premium due to a medical condition he doesn't even have? SALIENT POINT: When thinking about privacy, it's also important to consider whether an alleged intrusion was by government or by private interests. Remember that the Constitution's wording is about what government will do and won't do. D. The sequence of cases: Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Contraception was illegal in Connecticut. Roe v. Wade (1973) Performing an abortion was illegal in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) Homosexual acts were illegal in Texas. 1 .Progressively, the Supreme Court expanded the â€Å"right to be left alone† absent a state interest as first envisioned by Warren and 2. Needless to say, these cases represent a sea change in Brandeis in 1890. American social and legal history. For most of America's history, making people behave â€Å"properly' was deemed a valid role of government. Over the past few decades, we have come to the point that unless government cant state a strong public interest to be achieved, it has to leave us alone. EXAMPLE: In the past few years, the standard response to same-sex marriage legalization has become, â€Å"It doesn't a ffect me. The new public mindset is, â€Å"Who am I to Judge or tell people what is and what isn't an appropriate relationship? † In the ast, society had no problem with this. Too, consider whether the logical extension is whether polygamy, domestic violence or similar behaviors can/should be legalized on the same basis, TEXT NOTE: Only people have a right to privacy. Organizations – businesses, universities, nonprofits – do not. Only people. TEXT NOTE: As we discuss the four area of privacy tort law, note that each has different elements of proof and defenses. Avoid confusing them. II. The four areas of privacy law/torts A.Appropriation of name or likeness for trade purposes AKA Commercial appropriation of a plaintiffs name or likeness. TEXT NOTE: There are two classes of plaintiffs in this tort – the nonfamous and the famous. Distinguishing them is critical to the analysis. For everyday people, damages are based on insult, emotional hurt. For celebritie s, damages are based on the Implied- by circumstances People who voluntarily place information before the public can't protest 1 . Appropriate means take without permission. a. As we have often seen, early on in legal circles, this was considered a problem. b.Starting in Georgia in 1905, an person was awarded not $25,000 when his image was used in a newspaper ad. The d was not based on the person's fame and did not portray him in a negative way, but he was insulted, hurt emotionally, would not have consented. c. Famous people, celebrities, are different in that their images, their fame has commercial value. Putting my name on the packaging for a football wouldn't help sell it. Putting Eli Mannings name instead would be designed to improve sales. The property interest celebrities have in their name in likeness is called right of (1) Because a right of publicity is â€Å"property' it can publicity. e sold or inherited Just like a ring or a car or a iece of furniture. This is why Elvi s and Michael Jackson have made millions more annually since they died than when alive. (2) But for private plaintiffs complaining of commercial appropriation, because damages are based purely on emotion or stress or preference, these interests are not inheritable. If for some reason a picture of your mom † assuming she is not a celebrity † appears on a package of flour after damages. 2. Name or likeness her death, there is no basis to recover a. More often than not, this will be a Jury question (question of fact).How clear was it that the defendant ntended you to be identifiable? EXAMPLE: Suppose a movie is made and there's a real Jerk character named â€Å"Dean Mitchell. † I feel horrified and demeaned, but if the use of the name is purely incidental then too bad for me. No damages. Incidental use. EXAMPLE: Without your knowledge or permission, your picture is taken at an 0. 0. T. stop. Next thing you know, this photo has been enlarged 12 feet tall and is used i n vinyl applied to all 0. 0. T. vehicles. Strangers come up to you on campus and say, â€Å"Hey, Bus Girl† and professors call on you in class as â€Å"bus girl. You have a case for he emotional stress this causes, if any. On the other hand, if the picture is in profile or something and you recognize your image but others do not, then it's not likely you have a basis for a lawsuit. b. In the context of celebrities due to their right of publicity, the analysis is easier. It's usually clear celebritys image for market that a defendant has used the advantage. in Taylor and I claim that speedy service is the basis for using â€Å"Swift. † c. Name or likeness doesn't have to be birth certificate name or front-on photograph. Chapter Notes If 10% of the population of the confederate state would take an oath, they could be readmitted back into the union. Lincoln was radical. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction plans: wanted to let the southern states rebuild themselves, if they would take an oath of allegiance would be readmitted (not high ranked), restitution of property?did not include slaves. Hand pick governors and create their own governments. They had to revoke the secession ordinance, abolish slavery, and repay some of the war debts.However, the Radical Republicans were against this. South was democratic. Black Codes: any kind of codes used to discriminate against blacks. Beginning of segregation, doesn't specify race or whatever?grandfather clause. Freedman's Bureau: 50 acres and a mule. Wade-Davis Bill: radicals view. Republicans being very angry at Johnny's Ideas. Resistance of wage labor: against the blacks. The point when the blacks were trying to get Jobs, paid less or discriminated or didn't have wage. Wen t around to a lot of dif. Places, subsistence farmers. Thirteenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment Blacks were citizensFifteenth Amendment gave black citizens the right to vote. = treatment under the law. Radical Republicans Reconstruction was about rebuilding society?totalitarian society. 5 dif. Military districts. SC the last state to be released from this. Radical Reconstruction Johnny's Impeachment not really removed from office. Impeached because he Election of 1868: Grant. Grant was a war hero Run for office and most likely win. Women's suffrage : homestead act. Women that moved out west were more Independent with the farms, were widows b/c their husbands died. More Independent women In the west.Carpetbaggers and scalawags: Carpetbaggers: entrees from the north. SC: southerners who believe in northern stuff. A lot of free open land, start businesses Go down south and get cheap land, some are sympathizers (n) SC: okay with new people moving down, help rebuild economy Black offic eholders: They can win because of gerrymandering (taking a district and shaping it oddly) Black majorities, had the eggbeater clause, make up rules and try to dissuade them from running. Rare because the whites were against it. Sharecropping: south has a lot of land, what happens is the freedman's bureau gives 50 acres of land.Split up land and give It to the people. Blacks turned to land for support: live off of It, subsistence farming, part of land went back to the people that lived there. Nicer way for the masters to get their stuff back. Rise of the UK Klux Klan Nathan Bedford Forest. Starts the ASK. A confederate general who starts it out of (Knights of White Camilla) hate. Anybody that was going to run, they intimidate them. Tried to scare them away, threats, one of the first terrorist groups. Redeemers ex-confederates that wanted to restore the south. Self-government, social standard.

Successful Sportsman

An excellent sportsman incorporates many traits such as powerful physique, keen senses, discipline, calm and yet gregarious and outgoing. Unfortunately, teenagers lack tenacity resulting in the declining of numbers of sportsmen in our country. Little did they know, becoming a successful sportsman just requires integrity and perseverance. First of all, a successful sportsman consumes a balanced meal which consist all the necessary nutrients for enhancing their physique and metabolism. Besides that, more vegetables are included in the meal. It is because vegetables contain important minerals and vitamins which are beneficial to sportsmen. Including nutritious food such as seafood, meat, eggs and others are also profitable to sportsmen. Sportsmen should strongly avert on eating fast food because fast food contains excess amount of fat and salt which is unfavourable and an obstacle to becoming a successful sportsman. Enough sleep and rest is also a major requisite for becoming a successful sportsman. Studies have shown that sleeping for 8 hours is the most suitable and healthy time. Sleeping too much or too less could results in downright situation. Relax after training is too needed as to not over stress the sportsman. Over excessive training could results in tears and wears of your body and does not bring up the consequence that you anticipated. As the most important factor in becoming a successful sportsman, regular training is demanded. Continuous practice with suitable rest is best for a sportsman to prevent over stress. Having a discipline and determined heart is highly valued and necessary in training too. Rebellious behavior will only bring you to be unacceptable in the community. As a good sportsman, a sublime sportsmanship is needed. Avoid from breaking the rules and be prepared to accept losses. You cannot win in every game that you participated even if you are the most excellent sportsman in the world. Finally, a good coach which is charismatic and motivated is a necessity for developing a successful sportsman. A good coach is needed to seek and tap on to a conceal talent buried in a person. A good coach is also important in arranging strategies to raise the winning factor of a sportsman without breaking barriers and rules.

Business plan of restaurant

Business plan of restaurant Introduction The business plan focuses on the establishment of a Middle-Eastern restaurant and hookah bar known as Karam. It will stand out from the competition because of its uniqueness and strong identity amongst the immigrant Arabic population. The restaurant will also offer flawless service and excellent cuisine in order to increase its market base (Covello Hazelgren, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business plan of restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business type This will be a restaurant that serves Middle–eastern food and will also have a hookah bar. It should be noted that hookah is a pipe, which people use to smoke flavored tobacco. The habit is common in Middle – Eastern communities and is a conventional way of relaxing. Clients will visit the restaurant in order to enjoy its tranquil atmosphere, Arabic menu, hookah sessions, and to socialize with other Middle Easterners. The business owner will employ chefs with Arabic origin and experience in busy Middle-Eastern restaurants. Furthermore, employees will have incentive programs. The business will be open from 8am to 11pm with two shifts. Location Karam restaurant will be at 451 Prince Street Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada. The place is ideal for this business because not only is it easily accessible to city residents, but there is a high traffic flow of people who will see the restaurant and thus purchase its services. One of the major ingredients to success in the food industry is visibility. The chosen location will ascertain this. It is right at the centre of an enormous Arab-immigrant population so it would be ideal. Sources of revenue The restaurant will draw its revenue from the sale of food and drinks as well as hookah. All meals will be available, including breakfast, lunch and supper. Food items will include mazza or appetizers, Khouka, Couscous in red peppers and spices, samsa, lamb, and Salata Mi shwiyya. Customers will also pay for drinks that accompany their meals. In the hookah bar, buyers will pay per session as this will ensure maximization of time spent.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Target demographic The main client base will consist of Middle Eastern immigrants in the Sydney area. Many of them long for food items that remind them of home, so it will be a superb service offering. These individuals will mostly be young as the Arabic population in Canada is relatively young (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2013). Curious foodies who want to sample Arabic meals are also likely to frequent the restaurant. Potential marketing strategies The first mode of marketing will be signage on the building. The name Karam restaurant will be prominent on the external wall. The logo will depict an element of Arab tradition and pictures of Arabic food will also be shown. Word of mouth marketing will also be a crucial strategy, as well. Effective customer service will ensure repeat business as well as recommendations from those who enjoyed the food. Besides this, brochures and pamphlets in Sydney will advertise the restaurant. It will also have an intense advertising company on local radio stations as well as dailies where it will talk about its launch and menu items (Gilligan, 2003). Potential research sources The company will obtain information for research purposes through the use of research professionals. They will interview members of the target demographic and find out what they want. Employees and managers will also get feedback from clients in their service levels. Additionally, information about marketing and promotion will stem from books written on the subject matter (Brags, 2005). References Brags, A. (2005). Developing new business ideas. NY: Financial times Covello, J. Hazelgren, B. (2005). Your first business plan. Chicago: Source b ooks. Gilligan, C. (2003). Strategic marketing planning. NY: Butterworth-Heinemann.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business plan of restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Canadian Encyclopedia (2013). Arabs. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en

How to Write a Memorable Author Bio (with Template)

How to Write a Memorable Author Bio (with Template) How to Write a Killer Author Bio It’s important for indie authors to know how to write an author bio that tells readers: who you are, what you write, why readers should trust you, and how you stand out from other writers.Your bio is like your calling card. â€Å"It's something that will let readers get a sense of who you are, and is an important part for pitching media and book proposals,† sums up marketer Rachel Cone-Gorham, formerly of Penguin Random House.This step-by-step guide dives into the four main components of a killer author bio and provides tips from our talented marketers for nailing each section.Why your author bio mattersFor non-fiction authors, the author bio is a critical marketing tool as who are you are is often as (or more!) important than what your book is about. If readers enjoy your books, they will likely want to get to know you better, summarizes Rob. â€Å"Use your bio as a tool to confirm your credibility, display your personality, and cross-promote other titles. By taking those steps, you can help transform readers into fans.†What are some of the best author bios you’ve seen on an Amazon page or on a back cover? Share them in the comments below and tell us why you like them.

Choosing a Career - Pharmacy School Personal Statement

Choosing a Career - Pharmacy School - Personal Statement Example I feel these feelings are based on my childhood experiences. I came to the United States from Vietnam at the tender age of ten. Since then I have received so much love and support from this country that I feel it is time for me to start paying back and what better way to do it then as a pharmacist. My interest in sciences began quite early in life when I used to visit the local drug store with my parents. I was always impressed as to how the pharmacist always knew which medicine to dispense and to whom. It was this curiosity that made me take up a part-time job at the drugstore during my school intervals. This job helped me obtain a better understanding of particular illnesses and their cures through various drugs. I developed an insight into the general know-how of drugs particularly the usage, the allocation and the regulation of drugs. Consequently, I focussed my attention on the field of sciences at the high school. Mind you I wasn't a bookworm I actively participated in extra curriculum activities including various clubs and community service. Nevertheless, as a result of my deep interest in sciences and practical experience at the drug store, I was able to secure my graduation from high school. It was that memorable day that I decided to pursue pharmacy as a career. I feel that the prime purpose of seeking education is to develop the innate qualities of an individual to the fullest extent possible. Any education theory is strongly based on a conception of the aim in life and the laws of mental change. I personally believe that education is the development of intellectual and moral qualities. A Doctor of Pharmacy Degree would provide me with the requisite knowledge to help me in fulfilling this goal not to mention fuel my career aspirations. Moreover, I feel that pharmacy is a field that has become an integral part of today's world. The profession is respected across the globe and has great potential in various industries. I have always believed that time that slips away never comes back and I for one, plan to make the most of my time and to achieve as much as I possibly can in the shortest time possible. The Doctor of Pharmacy degree would be the stepping stone for me to materialize this goal. My career aspirations have remained the same since my high school graduation and it is rarely that a decision made right after high school continues to be the right one later on in life. In my case, I am sure my decision is not only correct but is perfect for me and in line with my future goals. I have been happily working at a retail pharmacy as a pharmacy technician for the past two years. That job has further strengthened my belief in the pharmacy career. I have even evaluated future job opportunities and studied the requirements various companies have with their pharmacy candidates. I have kept all this information in mind and when finally selecting this degree as my final and only choice. Keeping my long-term goals in mind I feel that I don't just want to succeed in life but I want to succeed while gaining job satisfaction. For this to be possible I must ensure that I get the relevant degree from a respected college, followed by the right job befitting my profile and eventually enjoy a comfortable future with a good quality of life. I feel that I would make an extraordinary pharmacist thanks to my love for people and for the profession.     

The sports industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The sports industry - Essay Example a sport or entertainment source, but also as an economic tool, the levels of professionalism, the industry’s profitability and income improvement levels in various nations where the sport is recognized and respected has risen tremendously. Primarily, the value of sports is a crucial topic for anyone trying to understand this industry must review. Considering a study by Deloitte, which was conducted first in 1992, and the last time it was conducted in 2013, the football industry has grown by 14 times from its initial  £170 million to its current value, estimated to be  £2.3 billion. Such growth levels indicate that this is probably one of the greatest drivers of the economy. In Europe, the football industry is one of the biggest industries with even venture capitalists investing in it. The value of the football industry has changed over a short period of time and this can be attributed to a number of features which range from exposure to increase in global interest in the sport (Sports Business Group, 2013). This growth in profits and revenues is not only accounted for by ticket sales, but also from endorsements from other companies and the invisible aspect of how much the football industry has improved other industries as well. Pay TV, for instance, is one of the industries that has greatly benefitted from football, with the increase in numbers of viewers and the development of more programs for the game. Media companies such as Super-Sport, ESPN, SKY sports and ITV digital are some firms that have reaped profits from football seasons impressively. Commercialization of the industry has also boosted its value appreciably. In 2012, the premier league was ranked as one of the highest grossing organizations in the UK. In just a mere season, the domestic rights for the broadcasting of soccer games were sold for over  £ 1 billion per year, which amounts to 18% of all domestic media rights in the UK. Secondly, the game attendance levels for the previous season were

Definition of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Definition of Ethics - Essay Example In the professional world, ethics refers to â€Å"the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Professional ethics are rules that govern the actions of the people it covers. Ethics tells them what is acceptable behavior from one that is not. Connotative Meaning Ethics connotes a clear sense of the right things to do and the wrong things to avoid. Since ethics corresponds to established rules and laws, everyone is expected to follow and adhere to them. Ethics governs the behavior of people; it tells them how to behave and act in different situations that are acceptable to the norms of society. It is a standard against which people’s behaviors are measured. Being moral means conforming to accepted standards of behavior. Ethics also connotes a system of belief from which people subscribe. It is a shared consciousness among people composed of their beliefs, values, and aspirations which guide their daily living. Similar to laws , however, ethics in this sense is developed by the people and is passed on to other generations. Having survived the test of time, this gives ethics a sense of legitimacy making it even more useful as a set of guiding philosophies for the next generation to use. Ethics can also be considered an area of inquiry. Studying ethics as a branch of philosophy reveals the fundamental nature of the term and the sets of knowledge that have been built around it by philosophers. In this sense, the true nature of right and wrong is argued and debated. Inconsistencies, gaps, and limitations in the definition of morality are threshed out. This results to a connotation of ethics that transcends the boundaries of time and space. Professional ethics, on the other hand, emphasizes the need to adhere to those rules since deviations from them can result to legal consequences. Examples of professional ethics include physician, journalist, and business codes of ethics. These ethics act as guidelines that help professionals make the right decisions when faced with morally-challenging situations. Examples of these situations include a doctor considering euthanasia, a journalist covering a hostage crisis, or a corporate executive dealing with union issues. I see ethics as a set of moral standards that must be observed and followed. Having a sense of right and wrong is important because it translates into the behavior and actions of a person. Ethics is what directs a person to choose the right thing over the wrong one. Knowing the difference between right and wrong allows a person to make informed decisions when dealing with difficult situations. It enables a person to align his/her moral convictions with those of the established ethical rules. Adhering to ethics, however, remains to be a personal choice. Despite societal expectations to act and behave according to ethical rules, it cannot be avoided that people’s actions may sometimes deviate from the norm. Ethics, then, is a c onscious decision that requires constant effort from the person adhering to it. It is a conviction to follow established moral principles in order to achieve societal harmony. Ethics in this sense involves having to compromise one’s beliefs with the collective belief system that a society holds about proper behavior. Since ethics is constructed by society,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Network Media Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Network Media Information Technology Essay Im a student of IADCS accessed by NCC Education at Myanma Computer Company in Yangon. Ive to study four core subjects and four elective subjects. In Enterprise Networking Assignment, we have to do handing over and sit exam to achieve that diploma. This assignment is intended to develop some of the heart features of the network and communication to point up the theoretical and practical understanding of the tools and techniques connected with enterprise networking. The tasks in this assignment can be more explored in categorize to acquire advantage of the additional sophisticated features of the network such as telephone system, two-way communications and network topologies. Acknowledgement Firstly I would similar to be grateful NCC Education for improving computer knowledge by preparing this assignment. Thanks also to my lecturer, U AUNG ZAW MYINT for his excellent management in a practiced effect. And also, special gratitude to my colleagues with their support made this assignment successfully. Finally, I wish to widen a deepest thanks to my parents who confident me to come to an end this assignment effectively. Task 1 How the topologies oerate In networking terms, topology refers not only to the physical layout of its computers, cables, and other resources, but also to how those components communicate with each other. A networks topology has a significant effect on its performance and growth potential. There is another terms that fit into topology scheme are Ethernet and token ring, these are sometimes referred to as LAN topologies. The media access method Ethernet uses in a shared-media environment (a logical bus). Token ring networks have a physical star topology but function as a logical ring. All network designs today are based on three simple physical topologies: bus, ring, and star. Bus network topology consists of a series of computers connected along a single cable segment. If this cable fails, the entire network crashes. Fig 1-1 Bus Network Topology Computers connected to form a loop create a ring topology network. A typical single-ring network fail if one computer in the ring fails, but a dual-ring network can operate around any such failure. Fig 1-2 Ring Network Topology A star network topology describes computers connected by cable segments to a central connection point (hub). Star topology doesnt specify how signals should travel from computer to computer, only that cables connect computers to a central device. Fig 1-3 Star Network topology Advantages and disadvantages of network media Media Types Advantages Disadvantages UTP (Twisted pair cable) least expensive, easy to install, widely available and widely use can over only a limited distance, susceptible to interference STP (Twisted pair cable) reduced crosstalk, limit the effects of external interference more resistant to EMI than Thinnet or UTP more expensive than UTP difficult to work with, can over only a limited distance, more fragile than UTP cables Coaxial Cable less susceptible to EMI interference than other types of copper media Less bandwidth than fiber Installation expenses are lofty, Difficult to work with, is not supported for some network standards (eg. Token ring), more susceptible than fiber optic cable Fiber- optic cable is not susceptible to EMI resistant to interference as any media can get, can transmit through longer distance The most expensive form of cabling, expensive to install , difficult to terminate Recommendation I want to recommend setting star network and twisted pair cable (UTP) for the following reasons. Star topology is the relative ease of troubleshooting because all computers connect at a central location; an administrator can quickly and easily isolate network problems involving a single device or cable segment without affecting other devices. Twisted pair (UTP) cable is the common use for star network topology. In UTP cabling, category 5 (cat5), category 5e (cat 5e), category 6 (cat 6) are by far the most popular types. UTP is particularly prone to crosstalk. It is used for telephone system and two-way communication. UTP is common in most office buildings and other work environments. Task 2 Task-2 Internet services The internet services provide for Communication, Information and File transmission all around the world. The following appliance are the most commonly use for internet services. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) -responsible for transferring e-mail. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) -use for file transfer and manipulation services Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) -use to transfer Web pages from a Web server to a Web browser. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)- use to access linked documents on the World Wide Web that are located on a secure server. Post Office Protocol (POP3): specifies how e-mail clients can identify itself to the server and request that mail messages be made available to the user. Connection speeds The connection speeds that are suitable for the above services are as follows: Services Speeds Information 100 Kbps Communication 28 Kbps(mail) Video conferencing just 384 Kbps File transmission over 1 Mbps Examples of ISP in our country Myanmar Post and Telecommunication (http://www.mpt.net.mm/mpt/index.htm) Myanmar Post and Telecommunication offers a variety of access services from dial-up connection (low speed, low cost) like Internet Dial-Up Account or Pre-paid Access Kit to different kind of Broadband Services (high speed, additional voice options) like Broadband Wireless, ADSL or IPSTAR. Depending on your locality, your current telephone line connection, your budget and your requirements, Myanmar Post and Telecommunication can advice you which Access Service will suit you best. To adapt the Access Services even more to your personal wishes you can choose out of different user plans for each service. Recommendation By any way, we have to choose Myanmar Post and Telecommunication because it is not only the only ISP in Myanmar but also a Government Association. It aims that To rapidly build up the market by taking advantage of high capacity satellite and broadband wireless technologies To ensure network flexibility supporting multiple service type ranging from basic voice to advanced multimedia streaming. To provide complete communication service to anybody, anywhere in Myanmar by achieving 100% network converge nationwide. Task 3 Task- 3 Method for Two-way voice communication A full-duplex is data transmission in both two directions at the same time. Land-line is a good example of full-duplex communication in a telephone networks since they allow both directions of callers to speak and be heard in the same time. Examples: Telephone, Mobile Phone, etc. A half-duplex system supports the communication for two directions, but only one caller can speak at a time. If one caller transmits the signal, another caller must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting. Antennas are of one of the type of trans-receiver that transmit and receive. Examples: walkie-talkie style two-way radio. DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) DECT is not only used mostly in house/miniature office systems but also accessible in various PBX systems used medium and enterprise businesses. This system can be utilized for cordless phones. Voice applications are usually common nowadays. Data applications be, but have been covered by Wi-Fi. 3G cellular (WCDMA) is absolutely full with both DECT and Wi-Fi for not only voice but also data. DECT operates on different frequencies: 1880MHz, 1900MHz, 1910MHz, 1920MHz, and 1930MHz. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) GSM has been continually improved to offer platforms that distribute broad range of mobile services. Where the industry started voice calling, there is a powerful platform able to mobile broadband and multimedia services. Its system is now utilized for 219 countries and more than three billion people are using it. GSM is the industry standard for mobile voice and data. GSM is one of the cellular technologies that used to transmit the signal and data services. GSM activates on four different frequencies; 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900MHzs. This phone system uses transmission of digital and there is a maximum power output of 2W. Legal Requirements In our country, MPT (Myanmar Post and Telecommunication) supports mobile communications plan and agree to DECT (Digital Enhance Cordless Telecommunication) technology. Allocation of frequencies for two-way voice communication In the radio-telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per city, and perhaps 25 channels existing on that tower. This central antenna meant that the phone needed a powerful transmitter big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles (about 70 km). It means that not many people will use radio telephones there just were not enough channels. The brilliance of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells. This allows extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people can use cell phones simultaneously. There are different frequencies operate with the Federal Communication Commission use in DECT and cordless phones. 43-50MHz (base: 43.72-46.97MHz, Handset: 48.76-49.99MHz allocated in 1986 fir 10 channels, and later 25 channels, FM system) 1.7MHz (1.64MHz up to 5 channels, AM system) 900MHz (902-928 MHz, allocated in 1990) 1920-1930MHz (DECT Cordless Phone) 1.9 GHz (DECT Phone Standard) 5.8  GHz (allocated in 2003 due to crowding on the 2.4  GHz band). 2.4GHz (recently MPT allow) Licensing Requirements for two-way voice communication As Newtown Fire Department is one of the Government Association, it will not need licenses for communication. In our nation, Myanmar, the national radio communications controller Ministry of Defense control the reunion of radio frequencies. Radio frequency licenses are not usually issued free of charge and the cost of the license can be different greatly depending on country and type of usage. Operating within FCC rules and conventions is the liability of the actual end user. The FCC can fine organization up to $10,000 per day for failure to comply with the rules and conventions! Licensing is an essential piece of the conundrum, and as vital as any other detail when renting 2-way radios. operate on channels with a bandwidth of 12.5 KHz or less (narrowband) disappointment to comply 1,2031 deadline may result in annulment of license must be capable of operating in 6.25 KHz mode activate on 25 KHz channels Costs of setting up and operating system Handsets Type of Description Costs KIRK 7010 Handset Includes battery, excludes charger and power supply à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 250,00 KIRK 2010 Handset, EU Version Includes battery, charger, power supply, belt clip and belt clip connector à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 92,00 KIRK 4040 Handset Includes battery, excludes charger and power supply à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 274,00 Handset accessories Power Supplies Type of Description Costs Power Supply EU for KIRK 5020, 5040, 6020, 6040, 7010, 7020, 7040 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 15,00 Power Supply EU for KIRK 4020, 4040, 4080 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10,00 Handset accessories USB Cables Type of Description Costs USB Cable for KIRK 5020, 5040, 6020, 6040, 7010, 7020, 7040 handset chargers à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 15,00 Handset accessories Chargers Type of Description Costs Charger for KIRK 4020, 4040 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 15,00 Charger for KIRK 4080 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 31,00 Charger for KIRK 5020, 5040 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 15,00 Handset accessories Safety Lines Connectors Type of Description Costs Safety Line with Connector for KIRK 4020, 4040, 4080 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 15,00 Safety Line Connector for KIRK 4020, 4040, 4080 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2,00Licensing Type of Description Costs KWS600v3 Multi Cell License à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 206,00 KWS6000 User License, up to 30 users à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 0,00 KWS6000 User License, up to 150 users à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 736,00 KWS6000 User License, up to 500 users à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1.656,00 Services Type of Description Costs Premier Service, One Year, KIRK 2010, 4020, 4040, 5020,5040 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 18,00 Premier Service, Three Years, KIRK 2010, 4020, 4040, 5020, 5040 handsets à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 42,00 Premier Service, One Year, KIRK 4080 handset à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 48,00 Premier Service, Three Years, KIRK 4080 handset à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 116,00 Limitation of each method Limitations of DECT By using large varies of base stations to support building, it communicate with public telecoms network. 32 Kbit/s of net bit rate, that low for data communication. With good range (up to 200 meter insides and 6 kilometre spending directional antenna outsides, data rates of approximately 500 Kbit/s. DECT emerged one time to be a better unusual to Wi-Fi. DECT activates in 1880-1900  MHz band and defines 10 channels. Each base station framework offers 12 duplex communication channels with one time fit occupying any of channels. Interference-free wireless operation to approximately 100 meters outdoors. Operates clearly in common crowded domestic radio traffic situations. For example, generally resistant to intervention from Wi-Fi systems or video dispatchers, Bluetooth equipment, baby monitors and other wireless devices. Limitations of GSM Data transfer rates will reach up to 171 kbps with General Packet Radio Service which not only splits the mobile call into packets but also allows each phone to use several channels. Technical limitations force a set of maximum cell site range of 35 km of GSM Data speeds up to 9.6 Kbit/s are available. Wavelength: 10 Meter and above, frequency range: 890-915MHz (mobile transmit) and 935-960MHz (base transmit). External Interference: There is another transmitter outside the network such as TV transmission, Railway Station frequency, and microwave links. Recommendation I want to recommend setting DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) for two-way voice communication for the following effects: Several handsets can be use in each base station and each phone line socket. This let several cordless telephones to put in the region of house, all in action with the same telephone jack. There are a battery charger stations in the add handsets instead of a base station. The extra handsets do not need extra telephone sockets or extra transceivers. Capability to make internal (intercom) calls between handsets. Broaden series talk-time, sometimes available to 24 hours. Matrimonial cordless telephone, employing a solo base station to attach one or more handsets to the civic telecoms net, which is now accessible. Civic access, employing large numbers of base stations to offer elevate ability construction or inner-city area treatment as part of civic telecoms net. Unlike the GSM  standards, does not identify any internal facets of the preset network itself. Connectivity to the preset network which might be of a lot of separate types is made through a base station to come to an end the radio link, and a gateway to attach calls to the preset network. Task 4 Task-4 Telephone System available in our country Telephone system is one of the important parts of requirements for Fire Department. Satellite phone are required for a serious incident such as a major terrorist attack or war and then line phone and PBX system are needed. For this department, four line phones are needed at least and four satellite phones for Chief Fire Officer and three watch officer. For each firefighter, the extensions of line cordless phones are required to call form the center via two way voice communication. Line Phone A telephone line is a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system. These refers to the physical wire or other signaling medium connecting the users telephone apparatus to the telecommunications network, and usually also implies a single telephone number for billing purposes reserved for that user. There must be wires to connect with line phone. These wires connect with Local exchange via trunk lines. These wires were generally copper, although aluminum has also been used, and were carried in balanced pairs separated by about 25 cm (10) on poles above the ground, and later as twisted pair cables. Nowadays, modern lines may run underground, and may carry analog or digital signals to the exchange, or may have a device that converts the analog signal to digital for transmission on a carrier system. Moreover there are connecting with jacks RJ11 jack for the departments and homes. Private branch exchange (PBX) system PBX is also an exchange system for telephone. This exchange will serves for Fire Department to communicate easily and cheaply within the Department. It makes connections among the internal phones and then connects them to PSTN (public switched telephone network) by using trunk lines because there is incorporation with phones, fax machines, modems, and more. The extension is used to communicate with each other. The PBXs advantage was cheap for internal phone calls Now PBX became popularity and it started the services such as hunt groups, call forwarding, and extension dialing etc. The advantages when using the VOIP PBX system: Free internal calls Allow virtual incoming numbers to breaking long distance barriers and virtual call centers on anywhere. Easy and quick implementation within the existing PBX infrastructure can be gained with inexpensive Analogue Telephony Adapters that will convert signals from your existing mostly analogue phone lines into VoIP extension. Disadvantages: Dependent on internet connection damageable in the case of power outages for emergency calls, the system cannot be used a) The main equipment that are needed for Fire Department The system components for PBX station are the following. Cabinets, vaults, closets Another housings Wires for interconnection The PBXs switching network. Microcomputer that use for data processing and control. Many cards such as Logic, switching and control, power and Related equipments for PBX operation. Phone Handsets and stations called lines. Telco trunks to communicate public phone network at the outside. The operator is allowed by switchboard to control incoming call. For electricity, High performance UPS (Uninterruptible power supply) b) The features of PBX system The following are main features in PBX system. To dial other extensions To dial outside lines To make an enquiry call to another extension whist connected to an external call To transfer the external call to the extension where an enquiry call had just been made c) Cost of equipments and installation Equipments Costs Installation Costs For each Line Phones, Fire Department will pay $1,600 and PXB installation is $ 2,000. The services charges are estimating $ 800. So totally amount, four line phones and PBX station and services charges are almost $ 9,200. d) Costs of Operating for monthly No. Type of Description Prices 1 2 3 4 Phone Bill for four lines and extensions monthly PBX Operator Salary Bill services for phone company PBX equipment maintenance services $ 350 $ 200 $ 25 $ 75 Total Amount $ 650 Recommendation For Fire Department, telephone system is one of the important parts of requirements. Line phone and PBX system are needed. And then, satellite phone are required for a serious incident such as a major terrorist attack or war. For this department, four line phones are needed at least and four satellite phones for Chief Fire Officer and three watch officer. For each firefighter, the extensions of line cordless phones are required to call form the center via two way voice communication. Task 5 Task-5 If the Newtown has no electrical power or fixed telephone lines being broken, there should be an emergency using of appliance. We can use not only mobiles, walkie-talkies, and satellite phones but also generators which has the voltage of over 6600kva. Satellite Communication Satellite communication can be extremely useful for the users who are situated in vastly remote areas, and cannot access a broadband connection. Satellite receivers on the ground consist of satellite telephones, mobile reception, direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment, equipment in aircraft and handheld devices. Two-way voice communications are available. Data rates: 64 Kbit/s. The satellites provide a relay link to the home land earth station from the mobile terminal. Mobiles communications (GSM) Two-way voice communications are available. Can transmit 10 meter and above. Frequency range: 890-915MHz (mobile transmit) and 935-960MHz (base transmit). It is ideal for emergency services and all kinds of personal communications. Walkie-talkies Two-way voice communications are available. Hand-held transceivers can use to communicate between each other, or to vehicle-mounted or support stations. Maximum range is around 2 miles (3kilometers). Frequency range: 49 MHz band (shared with cordless phones, baby monitors, and similar devices) as well as the 900 MHz band.. Task 6 Task-6 Report for Fire Department To Mr. STER BERD November 14, 2010 (Chief Officer, Fire Department) Newtown, Green Road, No. 1111 B. From Ms. KHIN SANDAR PHYO KHINE (Network Engineer) Network Department, Red Links Company Pyay Road Report Title : Recommendation from the view of network engineers for Fire Department The Fire Department has been restructured and is opening a new headquarters building in the Newtown. I have to demonstrate an understanding of the network requirements for a new headquarters including a computer network, telephone system and two-way voice communications with staff on call in fire engines and fire department cars. Firstly, I think star topology is suitable for network design. Because star topology can be management easily and locate problem easily and then it is more expand than Bus and Ring topology. Moreover, in my opinion, I think UTP is more able to use for star topology. Due to cheap, easy installation and widely available and widely use. Secondly, I suggested about the internet connection requirements for the Fire Department. Our age became the age of internet. For Fire Department, it is needed to know the information of fire and to be contact easily. Therefore, I described Internet services, required connection speed and Internet services providers (ISPs) and its prices for requirements. And I said the methods could implement for two way voice communication. There are two kinds of it such as full duplex and half duplex. I had estimated of cost for setting up and operation system including licensing costs and equipment costs. I suggested the limitation of each system. Moreover, I explain the telephone systems available in our country for single-site organization like Fire Department. In the section, I explain the line phone, PBX for extension and satellite phone. The main equipments, features, costs and costs operation the system are explained. In this section, if there is an event of a serious incident such as a major terrorist attack or war, I suggested how can work the operation of Newtown having no electrical power and fixed telephone lines being broken. Sincerely, KHIN SANDAR PHYO KHINE KHIN SANDAR PHYO KHINE (Network Engineer)

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essa

To Walk in Another Man's Shoes '' You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view''; (30). Atticus Finch, a popular lawyer, and the father of the main character in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, teaches this lesson to his children. This idea does not just apply to Maycomb County in the 1930s, but to everyone everywhere. This story takes place in Maycomb, Alabama during the great depression. Most whites are very prejudiced and don't care to hear a Negro's opinions or thoughts on anything. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee explains that a person has to try to see a situation from the other person's point of view before they make a judgement. Scout begins to realize that people's ignorance isn't always their fault. Her teacher, Miss Caroline, is new in Maycomb, and doesn't know about the families living there. Scout was very upset that she got scolded for explaining the caste system to the teacher, but then she began to understand. ''...but if Walter and I had put ourselves in her shoes we'd have seen it was an honest mistake on her part. We could not expect her to learn all of Maycomb's ways in one day, and we could not hold her responsible when she knew no better.'';(30). A lot of the time, people don't stop to understand a person, but are quick to make judgements. All people need to do is to try to understand why the person said what they did, try to see where he or she is coming from. Only then can mankind know what to do in a...

A Review of the Research Study

The study is a mixed theoretical-empirical study regarding bystander intervention. It is theoretical in the sense that it applies known concepts of the bystander effect and helping mechanisms.It is however dominantly empirical since it bases its findings and method on observations of actual circumstances. It attempts to reproduce actual situations through a controlled experimental environment wherein limited variables are introduced and measured by the researchers.The experiment presumes to manifest high external validity in the sense that the situation presented could likely occur in actual real-life scenarios. Even the theory behind the research has been observed to happen in actual crimes or situations. In fact, this same research resulted from a crime effected in New York wherein witnesses failed to give aid to the victim.Thus, if variables were adequately isolated and conclusions logically inferred, the results of such experiment would be highly valid externally. The problem her ein lies in the low levels of construct validity. Albeit the generalizability of the theories in question, it is questionable whether the appropriate instruments of measurement were in place.The results of the experiment discussed the effect of group number, sex, and educational background on bystander intervention. However only one of these factors was adequately represented, that of group number. Bystander intervention was in practice representative only of the presence of unobservable or unperceived bystanders, as differentiated in the study’s literature.The effect of bystander presence with regard to perceived and observable bystanders could not have been measured by the researchers as all the bystanders they had planted in the experiment with the participant were unobservable, as they were supposedly in different rooms.The factor sex was discussed whenever the participant’s sex was different from that of the perceived group member or members, particularly the diff erence when there was a potential male volunteer in the group. However, the research design shows a large inequality in the number of male and female participants. Further, the research shown to back up the discussion had not been previously discussed to ground the relevance of the effect of sex in helping as to that of the actual study.In other words, there was no previous discussion as to the intent of the researchers to measure such factor, giving the impression that the discussion was inserted only after the results of the experiment had come in – an unreliable and bias-prone practice in research. Further, the factor regarding the medical background of a potential volunteer and other group member was likewise not discussed until the results portion of the paper.The failure to distribute this factor to the three observed group sizes may also have presented disparity in the data gathered. There was also a lengthy discussion in the results regarding the avoidant-avoidant nat ure of the conflict that emerged in participants who did not intervene in the emergency presented. This is highly speculative in nature and is largely unsupported by self-reports presented in the research paper. In fact, there wasn’t even any previous research presented to ground the arguments made.There seems to be high internal validity as the research adequately described the means of measuring intervention and gave data and computations regarding the measurements obtained. There was also adequate presentation of the commutations of the participation of the respondents.Further, there was also a note regarding participants who had been dropped and for what reason this had been done.   Despite what would have been expected given the high external validity of the concept being studied, the results of this experiment show low external validity. The situation presented shows a bystander who has previous knowledge regarding the situation of the victim of the emergency.The byst ander thus has knowledge of the nature of the emergency and the cause of the same. Furthermore, the previous rounds of discussion that the participants had engaged in regarding their college experiences establishes a semblance of relationship between them. The mere fact that they are in the same research environment for a psychological experiment already creates a level of relation between the participant and the victim.This may not be and often is not the case with actual situations wherein the bystander effect is observed. In many of these situations the participant is not related to the victim and there is no knowledge regarding the situation unfolding – except for certain circumstances where the extremist nature of the emergency could not be mistaken for any other situation. Overall, the research proves to be high in internal validity, low in construct validity, and low in external validity.Based on existing literature regarding this topic, the research presented informat ion consistent with findings of other researchers. An increase in group size has been found to have a minimizing effect on bystander intervention.The findings, such as in the murder case presented as the ratio for the research in question, display this finding in practice. It   should be bourne in mind however that in spite of the correct conclusion of the research hypothesis, the other results should not be taken at face value, nor should the procedure employed by the researchers by reproduced without thorough analysis of the accurate representation of variables.ReferenceDarley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8 (4), 377-383.

Employee Resistance to Change Essay

Contemporary business dynamics are pressuring organisations to change and adapt effective strategies to operate and remain competitive within this competitive environment. As a result, organisations are responding by embracing change as part of the transformation and strategising process (Pieterse, Caniels & Homan, 2012, p. 799). However, when changes in the organisations occur, employees are likely to resist such changes (Zwick,  2002, p. 542). According to Bovey and Hede (2001, p. 372) when people are confronted with major organisational changes, they are likely to go through a reaction process because change involves moving from known to unknown. Employee resistance to change occurs when managers adopt top-down change process, forgetting that employees are important part of the change process; employee inclusion and motivation is crucial and inevitable. This paper is conducted to explore the main problem of employee resistance to change and motivating factors that lead to employ ee resistance. This essay will also propose recommendation of appropriate solutions to this problem. Organisations in the 21st century have to strategise and establish effective competitiveness by undertaking transformational change initiatives. Transformational change requires organisations to make radical modifications to their business models as part of dealing with contemporary uncertain business environment as well as repositioning effectively in the wider business environment (Pieterse, Caniels & Homan, 2012, pp. 799-800). Organisational managers would want to lead relatively smooth and productive change initiatives as part of their responsibilities of managing organisations appropriately. However, when changes do occur, Manuela & Clara (2003, p. 148) has established that employees are likely to resist the changes. Resistance has to  be viewed as a natural process that is bound to happen and should be expected to any change process. Resistance to organisational change manifests in several ways. According to Bovey and Hede (2001, p. 540) major ways in which resistance to change occurs include employees having grievances, level of turnover increasing, efficiency declining, output decreasing, and aggression to management increasing. Many organisations desire to undertake changes that transform and positively impact their organisation, although this does not happen in many cases. According to Pieterse, Caniels and Homan (2012, p. 798) change is becoming a common element of organisational life. Balogun and Hailey (2008) point out that organisation that are keen to remain competitive are those that are continuing to adapt to changing business environment. However, even when this is the case, Grant and Marshak (2011, p. 204) have argued that effective organisational changes are unlikely to be experienced by an organisation when they are initiated. In an earlier research that was carried out by Hughes (2011, p. 451) it was argued that 70% of change programmes that organisations undertake fail to achieve their intended outcomes or purposes. At the same time, Schraeder (2004, p. 340) found out that 34% of organisations that undertake organisational changes are likely to achieve positive results, meaning that 66% of organisations are bound to fail in their change initiatives. As a result, Zwick (2002, p. 542) has noted that implementing change programmes in organisations that realise positive outcomes remain problematic for many organisations in the 21st century. Ayodeji & Oyesola (2011, p. 235) have postulated that organisational change is a dynamic process, which when taken poorly contribute to employee resistance to it, and eventually leads to failure of the whole process. Employees resist changes when they occur in the organisations for several reasons. Many organisations when they introduce changes are likely to stick to the ‘top-down organisational change’ process (Awasthy, Chandrasekaran & Gupta, 2011, pp. 43-45). Top-down change process provides prescription that  has only been developed by top managers and given to lower cadre employees down the ranks to consume without their input. According to Bovey & Hede (2001, p. 540) resistance occurs at the individual level, where employees are motivated by psychological factors to change that include resentment, frustration, low motivation and morale, fear, and feelings of failure. At the same time, earlier publication by Yilmaz & Kilicoglu (2013, pp. 17-18) identified four factors that motivate employees to resist changes in the organisation: employees focusing on self- interests as opposed to those of the organisation, having inadequate understanding of change and its implications, having conviction that change lacks sense for the organisation, and employees having low tolerance. In addition, employees resist change, which according to Martin, Jones & Callan (2005, pp. 265-268) is as a result of developing selective negative perception to the process, having habit of not tolerating change, viewing change as inconveniencing or loss of freedom, fear of economic implications from the process, fear of unknown, and remembering past bad experiences with change process. Organisations can address employee resistance to organisational change by implementing three categories of recommendations based on the Kurt Lewin Change Model. Lewin’s model is also known as ‘Unfreeze-change-refreeze’ approach, where any change process in the organisation should be embraced after having thorough understanding of the process and adequate motivation for those affected has to be facilitated (Brisson-Banks, 2010, p. 244). The first stage of change involves unfreezing, which should involve  organisations making adequate preparations in order for anticipated changes to be accepted. This is a stage where status quo impeding change process should be diluted and broken successfully. During the unfreezing, it is important for organisation to undertake several measures aimed at reducing resistance: have clear picture of what should be changed, research to establish current state of the organisation, have clear understanding of what change should be pursued, and generate adequate support from the management for the process (Brisson-Banks, 2010, p. 244). At the same time, management should create need and desire for change in the organisation by creating an attractive and motivating message about the importance of change for the organisation and communicating it to employees, developing a vision and mission that employees are able to buy into, increasing communication among affected employees, and re-emphasising to employees the importance of change (Smith, 2005, p. 410). Another important step is for management team to understand doubts and concerns that employees are manifesting and be in a position to address and respond to them appropriately. The second stage involves an organisation undertaking and implementing change process while working and diluting all sources that may breed resistance to the process. Change becomes successful when communication and sharing of information takes place frequently (Weber & Weber, 2001, pp. 291-292). Communication is well planned and implemented as part of the change process. At the same time, management should from time to time communicate to employees benefits that are bound to come from implementing change programmes. In this case, it is recommended that management should clearly  explain exact benefits that will occur and how the whole process will affect employees (Burnes, 2004, p. 313). Furthermore, greater effort should be directed towards preparing employees who are affected by the process. The idea should be to introduce change programmes on gradual process, and fostering monitoring, while communicating and sharing information by all stakeholders involved. Consequently, management should work to dispel suspicion, misunderstanding, and fear among employees that compound the process (Wim, 2005, pp. 129-130. This should be achieved through providing timely, open, and honest answers to all concerns by employees, dealing with emerging problems immediately, and developing a positive change picture in the minds of employees (Weber & Weber, 2001, pp. 291-292). More importantly, organisations can foster less resistance to change process when they empower employees by increasing opportunities to enable employees participate in the process, providing proper direction to employees, and enhancing employee engagement in the process (Denise, Rodney & Schmaltz, 2003, p. 317). Additionally, employees should be involved in each stage of change process, develop sense of owning the process, and feeling to participate in the process adequately while their needs are addressed effectively. The last stage of the change process involves refreezing, where effort should be enhanced to ensure changes taking place are being anchored in the culture and employees being motivated to sustain them in their daily activities. In this stage, management of the organisation should ensure employees have greater roles to play in ensuring change process generates long-term benefits (Brisson-Banks, 2010, p. 245). This should involve providing necessary support to employees such as re-training them to acquire new  skills to engage more in the change process. At the same time, effective and adequate participative leadership should be provided to help employees see greater benefits of the change process (Brisson-Banks, 2010, pp. 245-248). In addition, management should create an inclusive reward system to motivate employees and recognise their positive contribution to the change process. Also, effective feedback systems that respect employees should be created to use in monitoring and evaluating the whole process of change in the organisation (Barratt-Pugh, Bahn & Gakere, 2013, p. 752). Besides, information sharing and support for employees should be enhanced and employees should be adequately motivated to a level they feel to be part and parcel of the process, they own it, and their needs are respected and protected (Barratt-Pugh, Bahn & Gakere, 2013, p.756 ). These recommendations aim to ensure employee resistance to organisation change is diluted and where necessary minimised. In conclusion employee resistance to change is a common phenomenon for organisations aiming to transform and change. Resistance to change is motivated by numerous factors within and outside organisation. Employee resist changes in most cases when changes being introduced have a top-down approach that exclude and isolate employees. Employee resistance to change has diverse outcomes, which means that when resistance to any change process occurs, it is important for the management to find appropriate ways to approach the problem. This paper is conducted to analyse and discuss employee resistance to change as a problem and proposed recommendations to address the problem when it occurs. Reference List Awasthy, R., Chandrasekaran, V., Gupta, R. K. 2011. Top-down Change in a Public Sector Bank: Lessons from Employees’ Lived-in Experiences. Journal of Indian Business Research, 3(1), 43-62. Ayodeji, A. A., & Oyesola, R. 2011. Managing Deviant Behaviour and Resistance to Change. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 235-242. Barratt-Pugh, L., Bahn, S., & Gakere, E. 2013. Managers as Change Agents: Implications for Human Resource Managers Engaging with Culture Change. Journal of Organisational Change Management, 25(4), 748-764. Bovey, W. H., & Hede, A. 2001. Resistance to Organisational Change: The Role of Cognitive and Affect Processes. Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, 22(8), 372-382. Brisson-Banks, C. V. 2010. Managing Change and Transitions: A Comparison of Different Models and their Commonalities. Managing Change and Transitions, 31(4/5), 241-252. Burnes, B. 2004. Kurt Lewin and Complexity Theories: Back to the Future? Journal of Change Management, 4(4), 309-325. Denise, L., Rodney, N. L., & Schmaltz, J. 2003. Managing Resistance to Change in Workplace Accommodation Projects. Journal of Facilities Management, 1(4), 306-321. Grant, D., & Marshak, R. J. 2011. Toward a Discourse-Centred Understanding of Organisational Change. The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 47(2), 204-235. Hughes, M. (2011). Why Does Change Fail, and What Can We Do About It? Journal of Change Management, 11(4), 451-464. Manuela, P., & Clara, M. F. 2003. Resistance to Change: A Literature Review and Empirical Study. Management Decision, 41(2), 148-155. Martin, A. J., Jones, E. S., & Callan, V. J. 2005. The Role of Psychological Climate in Facilitating Employee Adjustment During Organisational Change. European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology, 14(3), 263-289. Pieterse, J. H., Caniels, M. C., & Homan, T. 2012. Professional Discourses and Resistance to Change. Journal of Organisational Change Management, 25(6), 798-818. Schraeder, M. 2004. Organisational Assessment in the Midst of Tumultuous Change. Leadership and Organisation Development Journal, 25(4), 332-348. Smith, I. 2005. Achieving Readiness for Organisational Change. Library Management, 26(6/7), 408-412. Yilmaz, D., Kilicoglu, G. 2013. Resistance to Change and Ways of Reducing Resistance in Educational Organisations. European Journal of Research on Education, 1(1), 14-21. Weber, P. S., & Weber, J. E. 2001. Changes in Employee Perceptions During Organisational Change. Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, 22(6), 291-300. Wim, J. L. 2005. The Role of Communication in Organisational Change. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 10(2), 129-138. Zwick, T. 2002. Employee Resistance Against Innovation. International Journal of Manpower, 23(6), 542-552. 10 | P a g e Organisation Behaviour; MGTS 1601; Individual Essay; Employee resistance to change